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ENTERPRISE RISK ASSESSMENT AND BUSINESS IMPACT ANALYSIS
BEST PRACTICES
by Andrew N. Hiles

Published by Rothstein Associates Inc.

More than ever, the basic lesson for business managers and for business continuity
professionals is: anything can happen!

This book is a guide to best practices in understanding risk and business impact. It provides
essential guidance for the identification, management and control of risks confronting
businesses --- What might happen? How will our enterprise be affected? What will the
impact
be? Answering these questions accurately and objectively is essential to Business Continuity
Management, business success - and even business survival.

The helpful examples all have their roots in real cases and come heavily laden with
pragmatism. Over fifteen years experience in blue chip environments, large and small, public
and private, has gone into developing the methods described. Others come with a respected
pedigree from a variety of industries. Your own “right way” for risk management means
picking, matching and tailoring from the cases, guidance and examples provided, and
building on existing best practice within your organization.

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EXCERPT FROM THE FOREWORD

“This book is intended to provide guidance and examples for the identification, management
and control of risks. Wherever practicable, we have used case studies and examples to
illustrate the points.

“It is impossible to cover every industry, every process and every activity in a work of this
sort.
We have therefore made the work as comprehensive as practicable and focused
particularly
on those risk areas of generic value to the reader, while providing references and case
studies relevant to specific market sectors.

“Many examples are provided throughout this guide: these all have their roots in real cases
and come heavily laden with pragmatism. Over fifteen years experience in blue chip
environments, large and small, public and private, has gone into developing some of the
methods described. Others come with a respected pedigree from a variety of industries.
Your own "right way" for risk management means picking, matching and tailoring from the
cases and examples provided and building on existing best practice within your
organization.

“Where practicable we have provided examples of different methodologies so that the one
most appropriate to the reader's organization's business continuity maturity and culture can
be selected. The author is also conscious that it can only be a partial picture of what is a
global business continuity industry. However, we have tried to be representative as far as
practicable, illustrating issues, approaches and requirements from various countries.”

ANDREW HILES, FBCI
Oxon Bagpuize, England
January, 2002

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HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

This book is laid out in the logical sequence of Risk and Impact Analysis activities:

Section 1 provides a general introduction to risk management and impact analysis

Section 2 covers risk evaluation and control and provides practical examples

Section 3 addresses impact analysis as a pragmatic blueprint

Section 4 covers risk and continuity theories and strategies, illustrating some of the science,
math and methodologies behind risk assessment

Section 5 deals with insurance issues and insurance as part of the risk management mix

Section 6 shows how to write a risk and impact assessment report

Section 7 offers a guide to organizations that can provide further help and identifies sources
of further information

Section 8 identifies tools for risk assessment and business impact analysis

Each Section is backed up by an Appendix that provides explicit information, examples and
helpful documents.

The Acknowledgments and Bibliography list where further information may be found.

If you have a general interest in risk management, or if you are a manager responsible for
that function and just need a quick overview of the subject, simply read the Introduction and
Summary to each Section. This will help you to decide how much more detail you need. If
anything in the Summary is not clear or obvious, turn back to the Table of Contents for
Section - this will show you where to look for more depth.

If you are recently appointed to have risk management responsibilities for a particular area,
scan the Table of Contents to identify where the particular aspects of risk appear (e.g.
Project Risk, Health & Safety etc).
If you are a student of risk or want to understand the A-Z of risk, the book is laid out in a
logical order - go through each chapter in sequence for the theory and general practice. You
can then return to each Chapter for checklists, forms etcetera. These are provided in the
Appendices to each section.

If you are a seasoned risk professional, use the book as a source of reference and to spark
new ideas. Flick through the Table of Contents and dip into the book, selecting topics of
interest and examples from the Appendices that jump out at you. Also look at the way other
industries, market sectors or countries approach risk and decide how portable they are to
your specific situation.

Whatever your interest level and experience, we believe there is something of interest and
value for you in the pages that follow.

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EXCERPT: WHY THIS BOOK?

“Some fourteen years ago I was founder and Chairman of Survive, the international user
group for business continuity management. Almost ten years ago Survive gave birth to the
Business Continuity Institute (the industry's professional association). Both bodies were
concerned with the issues of recovering from business disasters. Typically the recovery
involved doing something different: alternate locations, operations, equipment, IT and
telecommunications facility. It all implied a hiatus - an interruption, a period of uncertainty
and
disruption, before a semblance of normality was restored.

“The Business Continuity profession included the disciplines of risk management and an
understanding of the impact on the business, should those risks actually occur. But then, so
did many other functions within the business. Maybe the IT Disaster Recovery function was
separate from business contingency planning. Operational Risk Management then had a
fairly narrow role, typically looking at specific operational functions. Insurance was
something
else, often the remit of the Finance Director or someone called a Risk Manager who was, in
fact, mainly concerned with insurance aspects. There was usually someone else responsible
for compliance issues, while yet another person was accountable for health and safety
issues. An audit function was responsible for fraud. Typically, the organization had no
overall
view of risk and no individual with overall responsibility for it: fragmentation was normal.

“Then, a few years ago, there appeared an emerging tide of acknowledgment that these
risk-related functions should be brought together. The reason may not always have been
logic: sometimes, it stemmed from downsizing and a putting together of these functions for
productivity, rather than strategic reasons. For some, Y2K projects created a sense of
urgency and an impetus that promoted this as pragmatic logic. Some companies had the
vision to take a holistic approach to risk management and to create what we have come to
call Enterprise Risk Management.

“We have been privileged to help a number of companies through this process and facilitate
the creation or enhancement of their risk resilience: in short, helping them move from an
expectation of disruption and subsequent recovery to a position where effective risk
management all but eliminates the disruption.

“Several years ago, I was presenting a workshop on disaster recovery planning to an
international audience and a German in the front row was looking increasingly puzzled. At
the
coffee break, I asked him if, perhaps, I was using unfamiliar terms or whether I was not
making myself clear. "No," he said. "I understand perfectly what you say. It's just that, in
Germany, we are not allowed to have a disaster." Now, many years later, it is evident that he
had a point. While we cannot legislate disasters, we can seek to minimize them. Of course,
the unimaginable can always happen (as we have learnt from recent horrific events) and we
have to be prepared to deal with the human and business consequences of it. But
increasingly foresight can prevent many situations that previously may have become
unexpected disasters.

“This book results from a wish to share best risk management practice - not from the
perspective of a theorist, but from a practitioner's viewpoint.”

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE
FOREWORD
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is Risk Management?
1.2 Why Risk Management
1.3 Why This Book?
1.4 Risk Management and Quality
Category 1 Leadership
Category 2 Business Information Management & Analysis
Category 3. Business Planning
Category 4. Human Resource Development and Management
Category 5. Process Management
Category 6. Customer and Market Focus
Category 7. Business Results
1.5 The Importance of Business Leadership
1.6 Enterprise Risk Management

SECTION TWO: RISK EVALUATION & CONTROL
2.0 Introduction
2.1 DRII/ BCI Unit 2
2.2 Definitions: Hazards, Threats, Risks and Assets
2.3 Risk Assessment - The Need
2.4 System Safety Programs and HAZOP
2.5 Health & Safety - Risk Assessment
2.6 Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1999 (COMAH)
2.7 Risk Management for Finance and the Finance Sector - Compliance Issues
2.8 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Reports
2.9 Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) Compliance
2.10 Risk Assessment in the Food Industry
2.11 Health Care
2.12 Risk Assessment in Other Industries
Table 2.1 Risk Guidance and Compliance
2.13 Risk Assessment: Statutory Requirement and Duty of Care
2.14 Project Risk
2.14.1 Project Risk Factors
Figure 2.1: The Project in Context
2.14.2 Project Management Organization Structure
2.14.3 Project Roles
2.14.4 Project Management Methodology
Figure 2.2: Example of Project Management Methodology
2.14.5: Why Projects Fail
Figure 2.3: Causes of Project Failure
2.15 Example of Risk Assessment Guidelines: The Turnbull Report
2.15.1 What is Turnbull? Why?
2.15.2 The Turnbull Process
2.15.3 Making Progress
2.16 Risk Requirements in Germany
2.17 Risk Assessment - The Process
Figure 2.4 Schematic of Risk Assessment Process
2.18 Options for Risk Management
2.19 The Turnbull Approach to Risk Assessment
2.20 Critical Component Failure Analysis
2.21 A Swedish Approach
2.22 Operational Risk Management
2.23 An Output Approach to Risk
2.23 Security and Siting - Risk Areas
2.26 Supplier and Outsourcing Risk
2.26.1 The Increasing Supply-Side Risk
2.26.2 Outsourcing Issues
2.26.3 Getting Outsourcing Right
2.26.4 The Importance of Service Level Agreements
2.26.5 Vendor Evaluation Criteria
2.26.6 Relating Contract Type to Service
Figure 2.5 Contract Relationships
2.26.7 Lessons from Experience
2.28 Condition Assessment & Financial Condition Assessment
2.28.1 What is Condition Assessment?
2.28.2 Financial Risk Assessment in the Insurance Industry
2.29 US Banks: Risk-Based Assessment System
2.30 Causes of Business Interruption
Figure 2.6: Analysis of Business Interruptions
2.31 Automating Risk Management
2.32 Summary
Appendix A to Section Two: Possible Threats
Appendix B to Section Two: Example of a Simple Risk Analysis
Appendix C to Section Two: Example Health & Safety Risk Checklist
Appendix D to Section Two: The E-Bomb - The New Threat
Appendix F to Section Two: Risk Analysis in IT Projects
Annex 1 to Appendix F: IT Project Risk Assessment
Appendix G to Section Two: Infrastructure Project Risk Management Framework
Annex 1 to Appendix G: Example High Level Risks for an Infrastructure
Project
Annex 2 to Appendix G: A Major Infrastructure Company Approach
Appendix H to Section Two: Cost Items to Consider in Financial Authority
Appendix I to Section Two: Example of a Risk Management Database
Appendix J to Section Two: Example Assets
Appendix J to Section Two: Example Assets
Appendix K to Section Two: Murphy Rules!

SECTION THREE: BUSINESS IMPACT ANALYSIS
3.1 DRII/BCI Unit 3
3.2 What is BIA?
3.3 The BIA Project
3.4 BIA Data Collection Methods
3.5 Critical Success Factors: Definitions
Figure 3.1: Critical Success Factor / Business Process Matrix
3.6 Key Performance Indicators
3.7 Process Flows
3.8 Outputs & Deliverables
3.9 Activity Categorization
3.10 Desk Review of Documentation
3.11 Questionnaires
3.12 Interviews
Figure 3.2: Summary of BIA Interview Data
3.13 Workshops
3.14 Observation
3.15 Business Impact Analysis - Financial Justification for BCM
3.16 Grounds for Justification
3.17 Life and Safety
3.18 Marketing
3.19 Financial
Figure 3.3 Average Normalized Share price Variation % Following a Disaster
3.20 Compliance / Legal Requirements
3.21 Quality
3.22 Summary: Financial Loss
Table 3.1: Cost of Disaster - Causes
3.23 Designing an Impact Matrix
Table 3.2: Simplified Impact Analysis
3.24 Time Window for Recovery
Figure 3.4: Risks and Outage
Figure 3.5: Time Window for Recovery
3.25 Resource Requirements
Figure 3.6: Effect of Coincident Workload Peaks
Figure 3.7 The Backlog Build-up
3.26 Summary
Appendix A to Section Three: Resource & Timescale for Provisioning
Appendix B to Section Three: Example of Risk & Impact Analysis
Appendix C to Section Three: Marketing Protection
Appendix D to Section Three: The Cost of Lost Data
Appendix E to Section Three
Table 1: Cost of Downtime
Appendix F to Section Two: Background Information for BIA

SECTION FOUR: RISK & CONTINUITY THEORY & STRATEGIES
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Valuation of Risk and Flexibility
4.3 Techniques for Valuing Risk and Flexibility
4.4 Stochastic Processes
4.5 General Risk Theory
4.6 Investment Risk
4.7 Random Finite Abstract Sets (RFAS) Theory
4.8 Sensitivity Analysis
4.9 Quantitative Risk Analysis
4.10 Qualitative Risk Analysis
4.11 Boolean Simulation
4.12 Bayes Theorem
4.13 Monte Carlo Simulation
Figure 4.1: Example of Monte Carlo Model
Table 4.2: Contacts for Monte Carlo Analysis Tools
4.14 Decision Tree Analysis
Figure 4.3 Example of Decision Tree Analysis
4.15 Dependency Modeling
4.16 Computer Risk Assessment and Management Methodology (CRAMM)
Figure 4.4: CRAMM Principles
4.17 Value at Risk
4.18 Risk Methods and Techniques: Conclusion
4.19 Recovery Strategies
4.20 Recovery Strategies: Summary

SECTION FIVE: A BRIEF GUIDE TO INSURANCE
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Insurance Issues
5.3 Insurance Definitions
5.4 Self-Insurance
5.5 Asset Value
5.6 Insurance Cover
5.7 Losses and Events
5.8 Proof of Loss
5.9 Indemnity Period
5.10 Insurance Relationships
Figure 5.1 Insurance Relationships
5.11 Summary

SECTION SIX: WRITING THE RISK ASSESSMENT & BUSINESS IMPACT ANALYSIS
REPORT
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Report: Typography and Layout
6.3 Document Format
6.4 Revision and Editing
6.5 The Presentation
6.6 Summary

SECTION SEVEN: SOURCES OF HELP
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Checklists
7.3 Associations
7.4 Web Sites
7.5 Processing and Collating Information
7.6: Summary

SECTION EIGHT: RISK ASSESSMENT & MANAGEMENT & DEPENDENCY MODELING
TOOLS
8.1 Tools: Introduction
8.2 Tools: Examples

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ABOUT THE PUBLISHER
OTHER BOOKS AND SOFTWARE BY ANDREW HILES AVAILABLE FROM THE
ROTHSTEIN CATALOG ON DISASTER RECOVERY

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

ANDREW HILES, FBCI, is founder and Chairman of Survive, the international user group for
business continuity planning and was a founding Director of the Business Continuity Institute,
the international body for certification of business continuity professionals. He is a founder
Director of Kingswell, international consultants. Having commenced his management career
with the Royal Air Force, he pioneered IT systems before leaving to take up a position within
the Finance Department of London Transport. Subsequently in their Central Productivity Unit
he was a Senior Projects Manager and later became responsible for the business
re-engineering function, implementing new services and major technical projects. He left to
take up a position with the UK Post Office as their first Business Systems Consultant
responsible for major projects. Andrew then joined the UK Atomic Energy Authority at the
Harwell Laboratories where he managed the supercomputing, mainframe and other bureau
and facilities management services.

Andrew was a founding director of Kingswell, an international consulting company with a blue
chip client base specializing in Enterprise Risk Management, Business Continuity, and
Disaster Recovery and in Service Management. Andrew is a pragmatic global consultant
and
trainer in these areas.

Andrew is an international speaker on risk management, business continuity and
contingency
planning and has featured on conference programs in the USA, Southern Africa, Europe, the
Middle East and the Pacific Rim. He has presented workshops and seminars on these
topics
for Frost & Sullivan (Europe), IIR/ IFF (Europe and Middle East), AIC (South Africa), CEL
(Hong Kong), UPOM (Saudi Arabia) and other companies having also lectured at Ashridge,
Cranfield, GEC Dunchurch and Henley Management Colleges in the UK. He has broadcast
on radio, TV and on Internet webinars.

He has over 300 published articles on business continuity. He is the author of Business
Continuity Management: Best Practice, published by Rothstein Associates Inc. 2000, He
co-edited and was the major contributor to The Definitive Guide to Business Continuity
Management (published by Wiley, 1999) and The IBM GUIDE UK Disaster Recovery
Manual.
He contributed to the Confederation of British Industry business guide, Business Continuity
Management and to the Institute of Directors / Department of Trade and Industry Business
Continuity Guide.

Andrew is a Fellow of the Business Continuity Institute, a Member of the British Computer
Society and a Freeman of the City of London.

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Published by Rothstein Associates Inc.
IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT.
ISBN #1-931332-12-6
2002, 288 pages. Order #DR600.

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