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TERRORISM AND COUNTERTERRORISM:
UNDERSTANDING THE NEW SECURITY ENVIRONMENT, READINGS AND
INTERPRETATIONS
Second Edition
by Russell Howard Reid Sawyer

“Colonel Russell Howard and Captain Reid Sawyer have collected and organized new and
reprinted
articles and essays by political scientists, government officials, and members of the nation’s
armed
forces. The editors and several of the authors write from practical field experience in the
nation’s war on
terrorism. Others have had significant responsibility for planning government policy and
responses. The
contributors include a majority of the significant names in the field including General Barry
McCaffrey,
Martha Crenshaw, Bruce Hoffman, Barry Posen, Jessica Stern, Ashton Carter.

“Part One of the book analyzes the philosophical, political, and religious roots of terrorist
activities
around the world and discusses the national, regional, and global effects of historical and
recent acts of
terrorism. In addition to material on the threats from suicide bombers, as well as chemical,
biological,
radiological, and nuclear weapons, there are also important contributions analyzing new and
growing
threats: narco-terrorism, cyber-terrorism, genomic terrorism, and agro-terrorism.

“Part Two deals with past, present, and future national and international responses to--and
defenses
against--terrorism. Essays and articles in this section analyze and debate the practical,
political, ethical,
and moral questions raised by military and non-military responses (and pre-emptive actions)
outside of
the context of declared war.

“Five detailed Appendices: Chronology of Terrorism Incidents, Groups Designated as Foreign
Terrorist
Organizations, Terrorist Group Profiles, and Weapons of Mass Destruction Definitions.

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"This book presents the best, most current thinking in the field." - General Barry R.
McCaffrey, USA
(Ret.), former member of the National Security Council and director of the White House Office
of National
Drug Control Policy

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FROM THE AUTHOR

“In 1984 when I first became involved in anti-terrorism and counterterrorism efforts, most
terrorism was
ideological. It was part of the East versus West, Left versus Right confrontation- a small but
dangerous
side-show to the greater, bipolar, Cold War drama. In the past, terrorism was almost always
the province
of groups of militants that had the backing of states hostile to America. Under the old rules,
as Brian
Jenkins stated decades ago, "terrorists wanted a lot of people watching, not a lot of people
dead." They
did not want large body counts because they wanted converts. Today's terrorists, explains
former CIA
Director James Woolsey, are not particularly concerned about converts and don't want a seat
at the
table. "They want to destroy the table and everyone sitting at it." The events of September 11
are
compelling evidence of the "new terrorism" and its tactics. Clearly, terrorists now want a lot of
people
watching, and a lot of people dead.

“Terrorism and Counterterrorism: Understanding the New Security Environment, draws on the
expertise
of academics, policymakers, and those who are charged with carrying out policy to explain
the "new
terrorism" and its many ramifications. As the title implies, perhaps the most important feature
of the book
is to provide alternative ideas on how to counter the "new terrorism." Among the contributors
are
internationally recognized terrorism experts Martha Crenshaw, Bruce Hoffman, Magnus
Ranstorp,
Richard K. Betts, Barry Posen, Jessica Stern, and Ashton Carter. Reid Sawyer and I have
selected new
as well as previously published essays for Terrorism and Counterterrorism that analyze the
roots of
terrorist activity and the global effects of these acts, debate U.S. political and military options
for
retaliation and future protection, and apply theory to practice in an easily understood format.”
- Colonel
Russ Howard

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CONTENTS

FOREWORD by Barry R. McCaffery
PREFACE by Russell D. Howard

PART ONE – DEFINING THE THREAT

CHAPTER 1.TERRORISM DEFINED
1.1 Bruce Hoffman, from Defining Terrorism, Inside Terrorism (Columbia University Press,
1998)
1.2 Paul R. Pillar, “The Dimensions of Terrorism and Counterterrorism,” Terrorism and US
Foreign
Policy (Brookings Institution Press, 2001)
1.3 Eqbal Ahmad and David Barsamian, fromTerrorism: Theirs and Ours(Seven Stories Press,
2001)

CHAPTER 2. WHY TERRORISM?
2.1 Martha Crenshaw, from “The Logic of Terrorism: Terrorist Behavior as a Product of
Strategic
Choice, in Walter Reich, ed., Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, ideologies, Theologies,
States of Mind
(Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1998)
2.2 Louise Richardson, “Global Rebels Harvard International Review, vol. 20, no. 4 (Fall 1998)

CHAPTER 3. THE NEW TERRORISM MODEL
3.1 Bruce Hoffman, from “The Modern Terrorist Mindset: Tactics, Targets and Technologies,
Columbia
International Affairs Online Working Paper (October 1997)
3.2 John Arquilla, David Ronfeldt, and Michele Zanini, from “Networks, Netwar, and
Information-Age
Terrorism, in Ian O. Lesser, John Arquilla, Bruce Hoffman, David Ronfeldt, Michele Zanini and
Brian
Jenkins, Countering The New Terrorism (RAND Corporation, 1999)

CHAPTER 4. RELIGION
4.1 Magnus Ranstorp, from “Terrorism in the Name of Religion,” Journal of International Affairs
(Summer
1996)
4.2 Mark Juergensmeyer, from The Logic of Religious Violence, in David C. Rapoport, ed.,
Inside
Terrorism Organizations (Columbia University Press, 1998)

CHAPTER 5. WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
5.1 Jessica Stern, from “Getting and Using the Weapons,” The Ultimate Terrorists (Harvard
University
Press, 1999)
5.2 Christopher F. Chyba, from Toward Biological Security, Foreign Affairs (May/June 2002)
5.3 Michael L. Moodie, from The Chemical Weapons Threat, in Sidney D. Drell, Abraham D.
Sofaer,
George D. Silson, Eds., The New Terror: Facing the Threat of Biological and Chemical
Weapons
(Hoover Institution Press, 1999)

CHAPTER 6. THE THREAT OF OTHER FORMS OF TERRORISM
6.1 Barry R. McCaffrey and John A. Basso, from Narcotics, Terrorism and International
Crime: The
Convergence Phenomenon, An Original Essay Written for This Volume(July, 2002)
6.2 Gregory J. Rattray, from The Cyberterrorism Threat, in James M. Smith and William C.
Thomas,
eds., The Terrorism Threat and U.S. Government Response: Operational and Organizational
Factors
(USAF Institute for National Security Studies, March 2001)
6.3 Jason Pate and Gavin Cameron, from “Covert Biological Weapons Attacks Against
Agricultural
Targets: Assessing the Impact Against U.S. Agriculture,” BCSIA Discussion Paper 2001-9,
ESDP
Discussion Paper ESDP-2001-05, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard
University (2001)
6.4 G. Davidson Smith, from “Single Issue Terrorism,” Commentary No. 74, a Canadian
Security
Intelligence Service Publication (Winter 1998)

PART II–COUNTERING THE TERRORIST THREAT
CHAPTER 7. THE CHALLENGES OF TERRORISM
7.1 Laura K. Donohue, adapted from “Fear Itself: Counterterrorism, Individual Rights, and U.S.
Foreign
Relations Post 9-11,” A Paper Presented at the International Studies Association Convention,
New
Orleans (March, 2002)
7.2 Bruce Hoffman, from “A Nasty Business,” The Atlantic Monthly (January 2002)
7.3 Anthony Clark Arend, from “Terrorism and Just War Doctrine,” in Elliott Abrams, ed.,
Close Calls:
Intervention, Terrorism, Missile Defense, and ‘Just War’ Today (Ethics and Public Policy
Center, 1998)
7.4 Brad Roberts, from “NBC-Armed Rogues: Is There a Moral Case for Preemption?” in
Elliott Abrams,
ed., Close Calls: Intervention, Terrorism, Missile Defense and ‘Just War’ Today (Ethics and
Public Policy
Center, 1998)

CHAPTER 8. STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES FOR COMBATING TERRORISM
8.1 Richard K. Betts, from “The Soft Underbelly of American Primacy: Tactical Advantages of
Terror,”
Political Science Quarterly (2002)
8.2 James S. Robbins, from “Bin Laden’s War,” An Original Essay Written for This Volume
(2002)
8.3 Richard H. Shultz and Andreas Vogt, from The Real Intelligence Failure on 9/11: The
Case for a
Doctrine of Striking First, An Original Essay Written for This Volume (2002)
8.4 Barry R. Posen, from “The Struggle Against Terrorism: Grand Strategy, Strategy, and
Tactics,”
International Security (Winter 2001/02)
8.5 Michele L. Malvesti, from “Explaining the United States’ Decision to Strike Back at
Terrorists,”
Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 2001)

CHAPTER 9. ORGANIZING TO FIGHT TERRORISM
9.1 Ashton B. Carter, from “The Architecture of Government in the Face of Terrorism,”
International
Security (Winter 2001/02)
9.2 Russell D. Howard, from “The National Security Act of 1947 and Biological and Chemical
Weapons:
A Midcentury Mechanism For End-Of-Millennium Threats,” An Original Essay (2000)
9.3 Richard K. Betts, from “Fixing Intelligence,” Foreign Affairs (January/February 2002)
9.4 Martha Crenshaw, from “Counterterrorism Policy and the Political Process,” Studies in
Conflict &
Terrorism (2001)

CHAPTER 10. INSTRUMENTS OF COUNTERTERRORISM
10.1 Sam C. Sarkesian, from “The New Protracted Conflict: The U.S. Army Special Forces
Then and
Now,” Orbis (Spring 2002)
10.2 Rob de Wijk, from “The Limits of Military Power,” The Washington Quarterly (Winter
2002)
10.3 Daniel B. Pickard, from “Legalizing Assassination? Terrorism, the Central Intelligence
Agency, and
International Law,” The Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law (2001)
10.4 David J. Rothkopf, from “Business Versus Terror,” Foreign Policy (May/June 2002)

APPENDICES

Appendix A Background Information on Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations

Appendix B Significant Terrorist Incidents, 1961-2001

Appendix C Chemical and Biological Weapons: Possession and Programs Past and Present

Appendix D Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation, September 11, 2001

Appendix E Terrorism Incidents (1981 – 2001)

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2006, 624 pages. Order #DR683.
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