Rothstein Associates Inc.

UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES AND STANDBY POWER SYSTEMS
by Alexander King William Knight

An engineering tutorial designed to teach basic UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supplies)
design and operation. Covers rotary UPS systems and battery selection. Find complete, up
to date guidance on design, installation, operation, and maintenance.

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“UPS, UP TO DATE
- Conquer threats posed by brownouts and blackouts
- Protect today’s sophisticated and expensive electronics
- Find complete, up-to-date guidance on design, installation, operation, and
maintenance

HIGH-RELIABILITY POWER

“As a twenty-first century engineer, you’re being asked to guard sensitive, costly electronic
equipment against the increasing dangers of rolling brownouts and blackouts, surges, sags,
spikes, noise, and power failures, as well as the omnipresent hazards of lightning-induced
transients. Uninterruptible Power Supplies, written by two experienced engineers, gives you
thorough guidance on up-to-date methods and products. Inside, you’ll find what you want to--

- Design, install, maintain, and operate fail-safe systems with standby generators,
chemical batteries, kinetic energy systems, with either static or rotary UPS sets

- Apply complete, system-wide design examples

- Deliver full protection from faults originating in electric utilities and all forms of
dangerous
power anomalies

- Support every type of load, including excursions outside normal tolerances in both
power
factor and harmonics

- Get realistic solutions in line with power quality issues, markets, and cost factors

- Select the right batteries, using the latest product information and criteria

- Troubleshoot standby system problems

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: STANDBY AND POWER GENERATING SETS
Introduction
The Generating Set and Its Supporting Systems
The Power Rating Classification of Diesel Engine Driven Generating Sets
The Power Unit
Alternating Current Generators
Voltage Regulators
Speed Governors
Voltage and Frequency Performance Classes for Diesel Engine-Driven Sets
Starting Mechanisms
Fuel Systems
Engine Cooling Systems
Engine Room Ventilation
Exhaust Systems
Control Systems
Remote Control and Monitoring
Location of Equipment
Bibliography

CHAPTER TWO: INTERCONNECTING THE STANDBY AND NORMAL SUPPLIES
Introduction
Separating the Essential and Nonessential Loads
Use of Multiple Generating Sets
Interconnections with the Normal Supply
The Generator Voltage
The Electricity Supply Regulations 1988
Engineering Recommendation G.59/1
Earthing the Neutral of the Standby Supply
Neutral Connections for Single Sets Not Intended to Run in Parallel with the Normal Supply
Neutral Connections for Multiple Sets Not Intended to Run with the Normal Supply
Paralleling the Standby and Normal Supplies
Overcurrent Protection of the Standby Supply
Switchgear
Bibliography

CHAPTER THREE: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION RELATING TO THE STANDBY SUPPLY
INSTALLATION
Introduction
Sizing the Engine and Generator
Reliability and Redundancy
Routine Test Runs
Kilowatts, Kilovars, and the Harmonic Components of the Load Current
Characteristics of Particular Loads
Vibration
Noise 108
Safe Working Procedures
Bibliography

CHAPTER FOUR: HARMONIC DISTORTION OF THE SUPPLY
Acknowledgment
Nonlinear Loads and Current Distortion
Harmonics Generated by Bridge Rectifiers
The Effect of a Bridge Rectifier on a Supply System
The Effect of Bridge Rectifier Loads on Local Generators
Reduction of Distortion Due to Rectifier Loads
Switched Mode Power Supplies
Bibliography

CHAPTER FIVE: STATIC UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES
Definition
Background
Basic Design
Subassemblies
Rectifiers
Harmonics and Effect on Design
Inverters
Types of Loads
Typical Specification
Static Switches
Designs Now Available
Monitoring
Bibliography

CHAPTER SIX: ROTARY UPS SYSTEMS
Definitions
Background
Rotating Transformer Systems
Generator/Clutch/Machine
Acknowledgments

CHAPTER SEVEN: BATTERIES
Introduction
Types of Cell
Lead Acid
Nickel-Cadmium Cells
Comparison of Various Types of Cells
Future Trends
Bibliography

CHAPTER EIGHT: KINETIC ENERGY AS AN ALTERNATIVE POWER SOURCE
Introduction
Circuit Developments
Flywheel Type En Vacuo
Flywheel Type in Helium

CHAPTER NINE: NOTES ON SYSTEMS INSTALLATION

CHAPTER TEN: SOME SYSTEM FAILURES: THE LIGHT OF EXPERIENCE!
Introduction
Lack of Ventilation
A Bypassed Radiator
Lack of Fuel
Changeover of Supplies Without a Break
Restoration of Supply to an Inertially Loaded Drive
Low Transformer Oil Level Due to Low Ambient Temperature
Inadequate Protection Against Driving Rain
Unconventional Use of a Harmonic Filter
An Unstable Power Supply
An Overenthusiastic Charging Regime
Loose Intercell Connections on a UPS Battery
An Unsuccessful Attempt at Cost Reduction
Empty Sumps
Lack of Cooling Air
An Inadequate Supporting Structure

INDEX

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS

“William Knight and Alexander King are private consultants specializing in UPS and standby
supplies. They reside in Surrey and Gloucestershire, United Kingdom, respectively.”

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2002, 262 pages. Order #DR684.
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4 Arapaho Rd.

Brookfield, CT 06804-3104

1-888-ROTHSTEin

Telephone: 203.740.7444; 888.768.4783

Fax: 203.740.7401

All bookstore enquiries should be sent to Rothstein Associates at the above address.

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